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What if PHPED’s copy of the script isn’t exactly the same as the one on the server? |
They have to match. If they don't, you'll see real remote file executed while bogus local file shown in the IDE. There are many ways to synchronize content of remote host with local projects. Don't hesitate to read FAQ forum.
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Will the error be seen in the external browser or in PHPED? |
Actually, it does not really matter who initiated the HTTP request, in both cases you'll get exactly the same results.
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...At that point PHPED will show me all the debugging information and the external browser will hang until the script is resumed |
there is FAQ forum on this board where you can read how to initiate debug session. Once debug session is started breakpoint and other things make sense, otherwise not.
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All this could be done through a secure connection to the server? |
No. By default connection is insecure. You have to use SSH tunneling if you need secure channel.
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I will not be able to let the remote server to start a connection to the client on my machine since I have a firewall that blocks all incoming connections |
That's another reason to use SSH. When it used, connection is originated from the client computer, not from the server and therefore firewall will play its role perfectly well.
Alternatively, if your firewall supports NATing, you could add PORT forwarding and allow server to reach your workstation by this port.